Glossary
Central Sulcus
What is the Central Sulcus?
The central sulcus, also called the fissure of Rolando, is a deep groove on the surface of the cerebral cortex. It separates the frontal and parietal lobes and marks the boundary between the primary motor and primary somatosensory regions.
Anatomy of the Central Sulcus
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Location
The central sulcus runs obliquely downward and forward across the cerebral hemisphere. It starts close to the longitudinal fissure, which divides the two cerebral hemispheres, and extends toward the lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure), which separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe. -
Landmarks
The precentral gyrus lies immediately in front of the groove and contains the primary motor cortex. The postcentral gyrus lies immediately behind it and contains the primary somatosensory cortex.
Functions Associated with the Central Sulcus
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Motor Functions
The primary motor cortex, located in the precentral gyrus, plays a crucial role in generating neural signals that control the execution of voluntary movements. It has a somatotopic organization: different regions broadly correspond to different parts of the body. -
Sensory Functions
The primary somatosensory cortex, located in the postcentral gyrus, receives and processes sensory information from the body, allowing the brain to perceive and interpret various sensations such as touch, temperature, and pain. Like the primary motor cortex, it also features a somatotopic organization, with different regions corresponding to specific parts of the body. -
Integration of Sensory and Motor Functions
Connections among motor, sensory, and other brain regions let sensory feedback shape movement. The central sulcus marks a boundary between nearby regions; the groove itself does not integrate information.
Clinical Significance of the Central Sulcus
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Neurosurgical Procedures
The central sulcus is an important landmark in neurosurgical procedures, as it helps guide surgeons when operating on the brain. Identifying the central sulcus is crucial to preserving motor and sensory functions during surgery. -
Neurological Disorders
Damage to the regions surrounding the central sulcus, such as the primary motor or somatosensory cortex, can lead to various neurological disorders, including motor deficits, sensory disturbances, and seizures. Locating the affected tissue in relation to this landmark helps clinicians describe the damage.